Going local with ancient DNA: A review of human histories from regional perspectives.

Ancient DNA (aDNA) has added a wealth of information about our species' history, including insights on genetic origins, migrations and gene flow, genetic admixture, and health and disease. Much early work has focused on continental-level questions, leaving many regional questions, especially those relevant to the Global South, comparatively underexplored. A few success stories of aDNA studies from smaller laboratories involve more local aspects of human histories and health in the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. In this Review, we cover some of these contributions by synthesizing finer-scale questions of importance to the archaeogenetics field, as well as to Indigenous and Descendant communities. We further highlight the potential of aDNA to uncover past histories in regions where colonialism has neglected the oral histories of oppressed peoples.

"O jogo é muito bruto, não é para amador": concepções de ex-ministros da saúde sobre a Reforma Sanitária brasileira / "The game is too rough, it's not for amateurs": conceptions of former ministers of health on the Brazilian Health Reform / "El juego es demasiado duro, no es para aficionados": concepciones de ex ministros de salud sobre la Reforma de Salud Brasileña

Este estudo histórico de abordagem qualitativa objetivou identificar e analisar as concepções acerca da Reforma Sanitária brasileira (RSB) de seis ex-ministros da saúde do Brasil que foram provavelmente acumuladas ao longo das suas trajetórias enquanto executivos federais da saúde (2002 a 2015). Foram extraídos excertos de entrevistas realizadas entre os anos de 2018 e 2020, sendo analisados e discutidos sob à luz do referencial teórico-filosófico de Jairnilson Paim. Foi possível identificar e contrastar os discursos dos ex-ministros com os principais conceitos desenvolvidos por Jairnilson Paim sobre a RSB, por exemplo, "revolução passiva", "transformismo", "retórica sanitária" e "fantasma da classe ausente". Conclui-se que o conhecimento e a análise de tais concepções são pistas úteis à compressão da política de saúde brasileira nas últimas décadas, sendo necessário que estudos nessa direção sejam construídos continuamente no intuito de não retrocedermos e colaborar, dentre outras coisas, para que se elimine a retórica detratora que posiciona a RSB como utopia e fetiche, enquadrando-a como uma possibilidade real e uma necessidade concreta.

This historical study with a qualitative approach aimed to identify and understand the perceptions about the Brazilian Health Reform (RSB) of six former ministers of health in Brazil that probably accumulated throughout their trajectories as federal health executives (2002 to 2015). Excerpts from interviews carried out between 2018 and 2020 were extracted and were analyzed and discussed in the light of Jairnilson Paim's theoretical-philosophical framework. Identifying and contrasting the main concepts of the former ministers' discourses about RSB was possible with the main concepts developed by Jairnilson Paim, such as "passive revolution," "transformism," "sanitary rhetoric," and "ghost of the absent class." It is concluded that the understanding and the analisis of such conceptions are useful clues to understanding the Brazilian health politics in the last dates and studies that are being elaborated in this sense need to be constructed continuously with the intent of not going backwards and collaborating to, among other things, eliminate the detractor rhetoric that positions the RSB as a utopia and a fetish, framing it as a real and a concrete necessity.

Este estudio histórico, con enfoque cualitativo, tuvo por objetivo identificar y analizar las percepciones sobre la Reforma de Salud Brasileña (RSB) de seis ex ministros de salud en Brasil, que probablemente se acumuló a lo largo de sus trayectorias como ministros de salud (de 2002 a 2015). Se extrajeron extractos de entrevistas realizadas entre 2018 y 2020, los cuales se analizaron y se discutieron a la luz del marco teórico-filosófico de Jairnilson Paim. Se pudo identificar y contrastar los discursos de los exministros con los principales conceptos de la RSB desarrollados por Jairnilson, tales como "revolución pasiva", "transformismo", "retórica sanitaria" y "fantasma de la clase ausente". Se concluye que el conocimiento y el análisis de estas percepciones son indicios útiles para la comprensión de la política de salud brasileña en las últimas décadas, lo que apunta a la necesidad de realizar más estudios sobre el tema para seguir avanzando y colaborar, entre otras cosas, en la supresión de la retórica detractora que define la RSB como una utopía y un fetiche, enmarcándola como una posibilidad real y concreta.

A arte de partejar um programa de pós-graduação em história: os 20 anos do Programa de Pós-graduação em História das Ciências e da Saúde: entrevista com Margarida de Souza Neves / The art of giving birth to a graduate program in history: on the 20th anniversary of the Graduate Program in the History of the Sciences and Health: interview with Margarida de Souza Neves

Resumo A entrevista aborda a participação de Margarida de Souza Neves, professora emérita da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, na criação do Programa de Pós-graduação em História das Ciências e da Saúde da Casa de Oswaldo Cruz. Para celebrar os 20 anos de existência do PPGHCS, professores que passaram pela coordenação se reúnem com a entrevistada para refletir sobre os significados da formação de um programa na área de história especializado em pesquisas sobre ciências e saúde no Brasil.

Abstract This interview explores the participation of Margarida de Souza Neves, professor emeritus at Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, in the creation of the Graduate Program in the History of the Sciences and Health at Casa de Oswaldo Cruz. To celebrate the twentieth anniversary of this graduate program, professors who have served as coordinators met with Professor Neves to reflect on the meanings of shaping a program in the area of history specializing in research on science and health in Brazil.

An integrative skeletal and paleogenomic analysis of stature variation suggests relatively reduced health for early European farmers.

Human culture, biology, and health were shaped dramatically by the onset of agriculture ∼12,000 y B.P. This shift is hypothesized to have resulted in increased individual fitness and population growth as evidenced by archaeological and population genomic data alongside a decline in physiological health as inferred from skeletal remains. Here, we consider osteological and ancient DNA data from the same prehistoric individuals to study human stature variation as a proxy for health across a transition to agriculture. Specifically, we compared "predicted" genetic contributions to height from paleogenomic data and "achieved" adult osteological height estimated from long bone measurements for 167 individuals across Europe spanning the Upper Paleolithic to Iron Age (∼38,000 to 2,400 B.P.). We found that individuals from the Neolithic were shorter than expected (given their individual polygenic height scores) by an average of −3.82 cm relative to individuals from the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic (P = 0.040) and −2.21 cm shorter relative to post-Neolithic individuals (P = 0.068), with osteological vs. expected stature steadily increasing across the Copper (+1.95 cm relative to the Neolithic), Bronze (+2.70 cm), and Iron (+3.27 cm) Ages. These results were attenuated when we additionally accounted for genome-wide genetic ancestry variation: for example, with Neolithic individuals −2.82 cm shorter than expected on average relative to pre-Neolithic individuals (P = 0.120). We also incorporated observations of paleopathological indicators of nonspecific stress that can persist from childhood to adulthood in skeletal remains into our model. Overall, our work highlights the potential of integrating disparate datasets to explore proxies of health in prehistory.

Febre Amarela: Representação Imagética de uma Epidemia no Rio De Janeiro no Século XIX / Fiebre Amarilla: Representación en imágenes de una epidemia en el Río de Janeiro del Siglo XIX / Yellow Fever: Imagetic Representation of an Epidemic in Rio De Janeiro in the 19th Century

Objetivo: analizar la imagen sobre la epidemia de Fiebre Amarilla en Río de Janeiro, en1850. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio en la perspectiva histórica, con base en análisis culturaly em imaginería. La fuente histórica fue la imagen de la décima tirada de la Revista Illustrada, en1876. Resultados: La imagen publicada el día 04 de marzo de 1876, en la página 07 del número10 del Año 01 de la Revista Ilustrada, denominada "Epidemia de la Fiebre Amarilla" como unbrote que causó altas tasas de mortalidad, representaciones sobre la dinámica de la epidemia, lamuerte, y la participación de Oswaldo Cruz en este contexto. Conclusiones: Las representaciones,en conjunto, demostraron la desesperación con la enfermedad, la muerte como desenlace de estaepidemia y acción sanitaria, pero también la esperanza y salvación por medio de la vacuna comodesdoblamiento de este brote.(AU)

Objective: to analyze the image about the Yellow Fever epidemic in Rio de Janeiro in 1850.Methodology: This is a historical perspective, based on cultural and imagery analysis. Thehistorical source was the image of the tenth issue of Illustrada Magazine, in 1876. Results: Theimage published on March 4, 1876, on page 07 of the number 10 of Year 01 of Revista Ilustrada,denominated "Yellow Fever Epidemic" translates as an outbreak that caused high mortality rates,representations on the dynamics of the epidemic, death, and Oswaldo Cruz's participation in thiscontext. Conclusions: The representations, together, demonstrated the despair with the disease, thedeath as an outcome of this epidemic and sanitary action, but also the hope and salvation throughthe vaccine as a result of this outbreak.(AU)

Objetivo: analisar a imagem sobre a epidemia de Febre Amarela no Rio de Janeiro, em1850. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo na perspectiva histórica, com base em análise culturale imagética. A fonte histórica foi a imagem da décima tiragem da Revista Illustrada, em 1876.Resultados: A imagem publicada no dia 04 de março de 1876, na página 07 do número 10 do Ano01 da Revista Ilustrada, denominada “Epidemia da Febre Amarela” traduz como um surto quecausou altas taxas de mortalidade, representações sobre a dinâmica da epidemia, a morte, e aparticipação de Oswaldo Cruz neste contexto. Conclusões: As representações, em conjunto,demonstraram o desespero com a doença, a morte como desfecho desta epidemia e ação sanitária,mas também a esperança e salvação por meio da vacina como desdobramento deste surto.(AU)

Integrated Behavioral Health Care: Reflections of the Past.

Humans have long sought to be provided with optimal health care, and the research continues in the twenty-first century. In the spirit of Galen from 19 centuries ago, empowering the patient's physician remains an important approach in health care. There is an emphasis on primary care and integration of behavioral consultation services in primary care. It remains a work in progress with help from the past and realistic hope for the future.

Salud en Penitenciaria: acerca de un Documento Inédito de la Historia de la Salud en Chile, 1853 / Health in Penitentiary: about an Unpublished Document on the History of Health in Chile, 1853

El presente artículo presenta un documento inédito de la historia republicana de Chile donde se muestra el estado de la Penitenciaría de Santiago, principal centro de reclusión nacional en el siglo XIX y que da a conocer la vida y labor de los reos como, asimismo, del quehacer del personal administrativo.

This article presents an unpublished document of the republican history of Chile showing the state of the Penitentiary of Santiago, the main center of national detention in the nineteenth century and that publicizes the life and work of the ins and outs, as well as the work of administrative staff.

High-depth African genomes inform human migration and health.

The African continent is regarded as the cradle of modern humans and African genomes contain more genetic variation than those from any other continent, yet only a fraction of the genetic diversity among African individuals has been surveyed1. Here we performed whole-genome sequencing analyses of 426 individuals-comprising 50 ethnolinguistic groups, including previously unsampled populations-to explore the breadth of genomic diversity across Africa. We uncovered more than 3 million previously undescribed variants, most of which were found among individuals from newly sampled ethnolinguistic groups, as well as 62 previously unreported loci that are under strong selection, which were predominantly found in genes that are involved in viral immunity, DNA repair and metabolism. We observed complex patterns of ancestral admixture and putative-damaging and novel variation, both within and between populations, alongside evidence that Zambia was a likely intermediate site along the routes of expansion of Bantu-speaking populations. Pathogenic variants in genes that are currently characterized as medically relevant were uncommon-but in other genes, variants denoted as 'likely pathogenic' in the ClinVar database were commonly observed. Collectively, these findings refine our current understanding of continental migration, identify gene flow and the response to human disease as strong drivers of genome-level population variation, and underscore the scientific imperative for a broader characterization of the genomic diversity of African individuals to understand human ancestry and improve health.

Paradigmas de salud y políticas de medicamentos: continuidades y rupturas en el caso argentino en la etapa posguerra hasta finales del siglo XX / Health paradigms and drug policies: Continuities and ruptures in the Argentine case in the postwar period until the end of the 20th century

En este trabajo se recuperan elementos conceptuales relacionados con los paradigmas en salud, así como sus implicancias históricas en torno a la cuestión de los medicamentos. La salud internacional, el panamericanismo y la nueva agenda de salud global se ubican como paradigmas hegemónicos con un fuerte anclaje desde una perspectiva biologicista donde la atención médica y los medicamentos juegan un papel predominante. La medicina social latinoamericana se presenta como un paradigma contra hegemónico desde una perspectiva que, orientada desde categorías sociales, analiza el proceso de salud de la población, en tanto colectivo y determinado por condiciones preexistentes. Estos paradigmas signaron las políticas de salud de modo alternante. Se analizan, particularmente, el caso de las políticas de medicamentos en Argentina y cómo las estrategias en ese campo manifiestan características de dichos paradigmas. Se concluye que existieron continuidades y rupturas con éstos. También describe los preceptos de las organizaciones internacionales y su relación con lo que estaba pasando en el territorio nacional. Las políticas de medicamentos fueron un reflejo de la posición de los gobiernos de turno con vaivenes que expresan un debate sin resolver (AU)

In this work, conceptual elements related to the paradigms in health are recovered, as well as their historical implications around the issue about medication. International health, pan-Americanism and the new global health agenda are located as hegemonic paradigms with a strong anchorage from a biological perspective where medical care and medication play a predominant role. Latin American social medicine is presented as a counter-hegemonic paradigm from a perspective that, oriented from social categories, analyzes the health process of the population, both collective and determined by pre-existing conditions. These paradigms alternately signified health policies. In particular, the case of medication policies in Argentina are analyzed, and how the strategies in this field show characteristics of said paradigms. It is concluded that, this paradigms showed continuities and breaks. It also describes the views under the precepts of international organizations and their relation to what was happening in the national territory. Medication policies were a reflection of the position of the governments in office with swings that express an unsolved debate (AU)

[Violence, health and ailment of bodies in the parish of Vila Rica, eighteenth century]. / Violência, saúde e adoecimento dos corpos na comarca de Vila Rica, século XVIII.

Studies into violence in the eighteenth century tend to address questions related to justice and criminality, but not health. The aim of this study is to understand how, in eighteenth century Minas Gerais, Brazil, bodies were affected by violent acts. The investigation records from the parish of Vila Rica held at the historical archive of the Museu da Inconfidência were investigated. The results showed crimes of different kinds associated with a variety of motives, primarily crimes against the body, with the resulting bodily injuries being caused by sharp or pointed objects/instruments. There were more male victims than female, the head being the principal part of the body affected. Criminal and violent acts, very commonplace in this society, interfered in the health and disease processes of the bodies.

Estudos sobre violência no século XVIII abrangem especialmente questões relacionadas à justiça e à criminalidade, mas não à saúde. A pesquisa objetivou compreender como os corpos nas Minas Gerais setecentistas eram afetados por atos violentos. Foram investigados autos de devassas do termo de Vila Rica pertencentes ao acervo do Arquivo Histórico do Museu da Inconfidência. Os resultados mostraram crimes causados por motivos distintos e de tipologias diferentes, predominando os crimes contra o corpo, com consequentes lesões corporais provocadas predominantemente por objetos/instrumentos perfurocortantes. Os homens foram os mais acometidos, sendo a cabeça a principal região atingida. Atos criminosos e violentos, muito comuns nessa sociedade, interferiam na saúde e no adoecimento dos corpos.

Violência, saúde e adoecimento dos corpos na comarca de Vila Rica, século XVIII / Violence, health and ailment of bodies in the parish of Vila Rica, eighteenth century

Resumo Estudos sobre violência no século XVIII abrangem especialmente questões relacionadas à justiça e à criminalidade, mas não à saúde. A pesquisa objetivou compreender como os corpos nas Minas Gerais setecentistas eram afetados por atos violentos. Foram investigados autos de devassas do termo de Vila Rica pertencentes ao acervo do Arquivo Histórico do Museu da Inconfidência. Os resultados mostraram crimes causados por motivos distintos e de tipologias diferentes, predominando os crimes contra o corpo, com consequentes lesões corporais provocadas predominantemente por objetos/instrumentos perfurocortantes. Os homens foram os mais acometidos, sendo a cabeça a principal região atingida. Atos criminosos e violentos, muito comuns nessa sociedade, interferiam na saúde e no adoecimento dos corpos.

Abstract Studies into violence in the eighteenth century tend to address questions related to justice and criminality, but not health. The aim of this study is to understand how, in eighteenth century Minas Gerais, Brazil, bodies were affected by violent acts. The investigation records from the parish of Vila Rica held at the historical archive of the Museu da Inconfidência were investigated. The results showed crimes of different kinds associated with a variety of motives, primarily crimes against the body, with the resulting bodily injuries being caused by sharp or pointed objects/instruments. There were more male victims than female, the head being the principal part of the body affected. Criminal and violent acts, very commonplace in this society, interfered in the health and disease processes of the bodies.

Descifrando narrativas contemporáneas sobre la salud y la enfermedad: el proyecto Madrasa / Deciphering Contemporary Narratives on Health and Disease: The Madrasa Project

OBJETIVO: describir el desarrollo del proyecto Madrasa y sus resultados tras dos años de implementación. METODOLOGÍA: proyecto de innovación docente llevado a cabo con metodología de Investigación-Acción Participativa y la participación de alumnos de los grados de Enfermería, Medicina y Antropología Social y Cultural de la Universidad de Granada. Resultados principales: se realizaron 10 círculos narrativos, 2 elucidarios y 2 visitas dialogadas, contando con 19 expertos invitados. Se registraron 1203 participantes (785 alumnos) en las actividades presenciales y los círculos narrativos experimentaron 8.400 visitas desde las plataformas digitales, con una satisfacción media del 84 %. Conclusión principal: el proyecto Madrasa ha logrado instaurar una pedagogía innovadora, apoyada en la transformación digital, con enfoque multidisciplinar, que contribuye a incorporar a la enseñanza reglada de los futuros profesionales de la salud y la antropología, de una forma transversal, competencias para el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico en el análisis de la diversidad de narrativas que se producen en torno a la salud y la enfermedad en el mundo contemporáneo

OBJECTIVE: to describe the development of the Madrasa project and its results after two years of implementation. METHODOLOGY: teaching innovation project carried out with Participatory Action Research methodology and the participation of students from the Nursing, Medicine and Social and Cultural Anthropology degrees at the University of Granada. MAIN RESULTS: 10 narrative circles, 2 elucidations and 2 dialogued visits were carried out, with 19 invited experts. 1203 participants (785 students) were registered in the face-to-face activities and the narrative circles experienced 8,400 visits from digital platforms, with an average satisfaction of 84%. Main conclusion: the Madrasa project has managed to establish an innovative pedagogy, supported by digital transformation, with a multidisciplinary approach, which contributes to incorporating into the regulated education of future health and anthropology professionals, in a transversal way, competences for the development of critical thinking in the analysis of the diversity of narratives that occur around health and disease in the contemporary world

Edición de la Disertación sobre la manía aguda (1827) del médico Diego Alcorta / An edition of the Disertación sobre la manía aguda (1827) by physician Diego Alcorta

Resumen El surgimiento de la experiencia clínica en la medicina europea posee hoy numerosos estudios que han abordado su proceso de emergencia desde comienzos del siglo XIX. Con respecto a la indagación acerca de dicho proceso en el espacio del Río de la Plata, la historiografía ha brindado mayor atención al análisis del desarrollo institucional de la práctica médica, que a la elaboración que los médicos del escenario local llevaron a cabo sobre las obras más relevantes de la ciencia médica. Por lo tanto, la presente edición de la Disertación de la manía aguda (1827), del médico Diego Alcorta, busca arrojar nuevos indicios que permitan profundizar en el registro del desarrollo de la experiencia clínica, en el espacio rioplatense.

Abstract The rise of clinical experience in European medicine has by now been the subject of numerous studies dealing with the process of its emergence since the beginning of the nineteenth century. As regards research on this process in the River Plate area, the historiography has devoted more attention to analysis of the institutional development of medical practice than to local physicians' creation of the most important works of medical science. Therefore, this edition of the Disertación de la manía aguda (1827), by physician Diego Alcorta, seeks to shed new light on records of the development of clinical medicine in the River Plate área.